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The Olympic Games
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There are many different stories about the beginning of the Olympics. One myth says that Zeus, the supreme god of the Ancient Greeks, started the Games to celebrate his victory over his father Cronus for control of the world. Another tradition says that after the Greek hero Pelops won a chariot race against King Oenomaus to marry Oenomaus’s daughter Hippodamia, he established the Games.

The first official ancient Olympic games took place in 776 BC and since then they were held every four years. During the games all Greeks respected an agreement called “Sacred Truce”. According to this agreement, the entire region of Olympia was proclaimed sacred, and military forces were banned from its soil.

The first Olympic games included only a footrace. The pentathlon and wrestling were the first new sports to be added, in the 18th Olympiad.

There were rules about who could compete in the Olympics. Anyone who was free-born Greek could take part. Barbarians, slaves and women were not allowed to compete. Not only that women were not permitted to compete, married women were also barred from attending the games under penalty of death. However, not married women were allowed to attend.

But, women had their own competitions in that time. The most important was a maidens’ footrace in honour of the goddess Hera. There were 3 separate races for girls, teenagers, and young women. The winners received olive crowns.

The winners of the Olympic games also received olive crowns, but beside that, they had their statue set up at Olympia. The winners were treated almost in the same way as today’s sports stars. They had free meals at public expense, best places in theatres and were celebrated by the people of their community.

Besides benefits for the best athletes, there were some penalties for those who broke the established rules. There were judges who decided which punishment was suitable for each offence. All kinds of cheating were punished. Bribes were one of the most common. They were also fined for avoiding the compulsory training period at Olympia and for cowardice.

The Ancient Olympic games were held for the last time in 393 AD, since the Byzantine emperor Theodosius I forbade their celebration after this time. It took more than 15 centuries for the Olympic games to be revived in 1896 in Athens.

Vocabulary

Nouns (imenice):	Verbs (glagoli):
homeland - postojbina, domovina chariot - bojna kola u antičko vreme koja su se koristila i u trkama Sacred Truce - Sveto Primirje agreement - sporazum soil - tlo, zemlja footrace - takmičenje u trčanju, trka pentathlon - pentatlon wrestling - rvanje Barbarian - Varvarin slave - rob penalty - kazna maiden - devojka goddess – boginja crown - kruna expense - trošak community - zajednica benefit - korist offence - prekršaj cheating - varanje, prevara bribe - mito avoiding - izbegavanje cowardice - kukavičluk emperor – vladar	refer to - odnositi se, upućivati revive - oživeti hold - držati, održati proclaim - proglasiti ban - zabraniti allow - dozvoliti permit - dozvoliti compete - takmičiti se bar - sprečiti, ne dozvoliti attend - prisustvovati, pohađati set up - postaviti treat - tretirati fine - novčano kazniti forbid - zabraniti
Adjectives and adverbs (pridevi i prilozi):	Prepositions and conjunctions (predlozi i veznici):
supreme - vrhovni ancient - antički official - zvaničan entire - ceo, sav suitable - odgovarajući compulsory - obavezan	according to - prema, po

Synonyms

Nouns (imenice):	Verbs (glagoli):
homeland - native land, birthplace, motherland chariot - carriage agreement – arrangement soil - earth, ground penalty – punishment maiden – girl, maid expense – cost, charge community – society, people, public, association, population benefit – interest, profit cowardice – weakness, softness emperor – ruler	refer to - relate to proclaim – declare ban – prohibit, restrict allow – permit permit – allow compete - take part, participate bar - restrict attend - be present treat – handle, deal with fine - penalize, charge, punish forbid – prohibit, ban
Adjectives and adverbs (pridevi i prilozi):	Prepositions and conjunctions (predlozi i veznici):
supreme – highest, greatest ancient – aged, antique official – formal entire - whole, full, complete, total suitable – appropriate, right compulsory – obligatory	–

Nouns (imenice):

Verbs (glagoli):

homeland - native land, birthplace, motherland
chariot - carriage
agreement – arrangement
soil - earth, ground
penalty – punishment
maiden – girl, maid
expense – cost, charge
community – society, people, public, association, population
benefit – interest, profit
cowardice – weakness, softness
emperor – ruler

refer to - relate to
proclaim – declare
ban – prohibit, restrict
allow – permit
permit – allow
compete - take part, participate
bar - restrict
attend - be present
treat – handle, deal with
fine - penalize, charge, punish
forbid – prohibit, ban

Adjectives and adverbs
(pridevi i prilozi):

Prepositions and conjunctions
(predlozi i veznici):

supreme – highest, greatest
ancient – aged, antique
official – formal
entire - whole, full, complete, total
suitable – appropriate, right
compulsory – obligatory

–

Antonyms

Nouns (imenice):	Verbs (glagoli):
agreement - disagreement, denial soil - sky Barbarian - Humanitarian slave - master penalty - award, reward maiden - boy goddess – devil, evil expense - asset benefit - loss offence - obedience, good deed cheating - honesty, frankness avoiding - facing cowardice - bravery, courage	refer to - disregard revive - destroy, weaken hold - ignore, quit proclaim - hide, be quiet ban - admit, allow, permit allow - deny, reject permit - deny, reject, stop compete - surrender, give up bar - allow, accept, permit attend - be absent, hide set up - demolish, destroy treat - ignore, misuse, refuse fine - award, reward, compensate forbid - approve, permit
Adjectives and adverbs (pridevi i prilozi):	Prepositions and conjunctions (predlozi i veznici):
supreme - inferior, minor ancient - modern, new official - unauthorized entire -part suitable - unsuitable compulsory - optional, free

Nouns (imenice):

Verbs (glagoli):

agreement - disagreement, denial

soil - sky

Barbarian - Humanitarian

slave - master

penalty - award, reward

maiden - boy

goddess – devil, evil

expense - asset

benefit - loss

offence - obedience, good deed